Bolshevik Consolidation of Power - 1760 Words

How successful were the Bolsheviks in consolidating their power from 1917-1924? Was Communist ideology compromised during this period? On 24-26 October, the Bolshevik Party seized power from Kerensky’s Provisional Government. This was achieved with surprising ease. Retaining their newly acquired power, however, was to prove difficult. Nonetheless, the Bolsheviks proved successful in consolidating their power from 1917-1924, achieving this through a combination of pragmatic reforms and ruthless terror. This ultimately led the Bolsheviks far from their original goals and ideologies, and by 1924, the Soviet Union was a highly centralised one-party state. Immediately after the October revolution, the Bolsheviks consolidated their power using†¦show more content†¦The Bolsheviks also built a new police system and a ruling group that portrayed the same discipline and unity that had characterised Russia’s traditional ruling elites. As well as pragmatic reforms, the Bolsheviks also used terror in order to consolidate their power from 1917-1924. In December 1917, the Bolsheviks created a new secret police institution (the Cheka) to provide security, encourage class warfare and bring the army under tighter control. An attempt on Lenin’s life in August 1918 saw the Cheka take harsh reprisals against all suspected enemies in what became known as the ‘Red Terror’. The middle class, former nobility and the clergy were key targets. During the Civil War, the Kadet party was outlawed and its leaders arrested. Russia had become a one-party state. The Cheka also killed the Tsar and his family to prevent them being used as a symbolic rallying point for counter-revolution. Despite compromising Communist ideology, these ruthless measures were successful in suppressing internal opposition and thus consolidating Bolshevik power. War Communism was introduced in 1918 as a means of consolidating Bolshevik power. War Communism attempted to replace the free market with state control over all means of production and distribution. In the towns, private trade was banned,Show MoreRelatedThe Bolshevik Consolidation of Power 1918-21 Essay2585 Words   |  11 PagesThe Bolshevik Consolidation of Power 1918-21 The Bolsheviks under Lenin, when they came into power in October 1917, faced immense problems in trying to consolidate their hold over the ex-tsarist empire. Firstly, how were the Bolsheviks, in view of their military resources, to extend their hold over the nation at large? The second, was how could they achieve a speedy end to the war and effect a rapid withdrawal of the German army, which was currently occupying theRead MoreEssay about Bolshevik Consolidation of Power 19-17-19241549 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the initial seizure of power in 1917 until 1924, the Bolsheviks were confronted with a series of crises that threatened their ability to control and govern in Russia. The response and resolutions to these crises included Initial Reforms, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Civil War, Red terror, War Communism and the NEP. Under the leadership of Lenin, the execution of these responses were made possible and the Bolsheviks were able to maintain and expand their power. The Civil War however was the directRead MoreA Brief Description of the Rusian Revolution1563 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the first problems faced by the Bolshevik party was the upcoming election to the All Russian Constituent Assembly in November. Lenin was highly opposed to this as he thought any democratic elections were tricks played by the bourgeoisie to keep itself in power and unlike other political parties Lenin’s i deas for the Bolsheviks were different, he did not want to win mass support but to create a party capable of seizing power , the Bolsheviks ruled by de facto not de jure. This led to the dissolutionRead MoreLenin s The Bolshevik Party1270 Words   |  6 PagesWhile organizing the Bolshevik party in the lead up to the October 1917 insurrection, Lenin navigated the fundamental contradictions of socialism with relative ease. In Lenin’s ‘April Theses,’ published after his return to Russia, he advocated for a transfer of all state power â€Å"to the hands of the proletariat and the poorest sections of the peasants. † When compared to the positions of Lenin’s fellow Bolsheviks in April of 1917, he appeared radically committed to Marxist ideology. Indeed, Suny statesRead MoreBiography of Lon Trotsky Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant accomplishments included his leadership of the Red Army and success in the February Revolution, which consolidated Bolshevik power. Trotsky’s ‘talent’ and ability’ was undoubted, however, it was insufficient to attain leadership of the Soviet Union. Following the death of Lenin, Lenin’s Testament confirmed Trotsky as the rightful successor, although his power struggle with Stalin resulted in exile from the Soviet Union and the rise of Stalin. Ultimately, Trotsky’s stringent and arrogantRead MoreTrotskys Role in the Soviet Union1012 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the period 1918 to 1928 as he can be attributed with the Bolshevik acquisition and consolidation of power. However, to achieve a more balanced interpretation it is imperative all contributing factors to his role are acknowledged. Trotsky’s role has not been greatly exaggerated as his strategic leadership skills enabled him to play a fundamental role in the organisation and implementation of the November 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power and the Civil War in 1918-21; however, the importance of Lenin’sRead MoreFailure of the Russian Provisional Government761 Words   |  3 PagesTo a large extent the political predicament in Russia was unsuccessful due to the provisional government holding power. The provisional government set policies that weren’t under the autocratic government which lead them to be favoured by the people of Russian, an example of these policies included; â€Å"freedom of speech, freedom of the press, Immediate preparations for a vote to elect a constituent assembly consisting of representatives from the whole nation; when formed, the provisional governmentRead MoreEssay on The Great Terror in Russia831 Words   |  4 Pagesimpacted profoundly by Stalin’s terror. In 1935, the assassination of Sergei Kirov, a faithful Communist and Bolshevik party member that had certain popularity, threatening Stalin’s consolidation of power, initiated The Great Purge. His death, triggering three important, widely publicised ‘show t rials’ in Moscow, ultimately encouraged the climate of terror during the Great Purge. Bolsheviks Zinoviev, Kamenev and their associates were accused of conspiring against Stalin and the government, with eachRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 19171563 Words   |  7 Pagesof Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky organized the Bolsheviks, or Red Army, in political and military strategy against the Menshevik White Army. Part of their success came from the lack of unification of the Mensheviks. While the White Army banded together under a simply ‘anti-Bolshevik’ policy, the Red Army was spurred on by one philosophy: communism. However, only the broader-picture ideals of the Communist Manifesto directly influenced the Bolsheviks. Instead they modified Marx’s teachings, becauseRead MoreStalin in Power Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe leadership capabilities give a person freedom to decide which way to use them. One can use them to reach the power; another can use them to enrich others. In Stalin’s case having leadership resulted in policies that had negative effect on country stabilization. The millions of people lost due to Stalin’s regime was a devastating blow to the Soviet Union. Although, the Soviet Union made more progress under Stalin than under any other leader of the Soviet Union, but it happened at a great cost

`` The First Full Length Novel `` By Henry Fielding

Joseph Andrews, the first full length novel which was made by the English author Henry Fielding. And considered from the first English novels, this novel was called by Henry Fielding s comic epic poem in prose. This novel is a parody version of the novel Pamela. it is the story of a good-natured footman s adventures on the road home from London with his friend and mentor, the stargazing parson Abraham Adams. The novel speaks to the meeting up of the two contending feel of eighteenth-century writing: the false chivalrous and neoclassical (and, by augmentation, privileged) methodology of Augustans, for example, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift; and the famous, household exposition fiction of authors, for example, Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson. At this paper I will discuss points of view themes, characters, language, and significance for ten or eleven years, Joseph Andrews was in the administration of Sir Thomas Booby, the uncle of Squire Booby, who was hitched to the prudent Pamela, Joseph s sister. At the point when Lord Booby passes on, Joseph from the beginning stays in the utilize of Lady Booby as her footman. This woman, much more seasoned than her twenty-one-year-old servant and evidently minimal irritated by her spouse s demise, is pulled in to the charming mannered, attractive young person. Joseph, be that as it may, is as prudent as his renowned sister, and when Lady Booby s advances ended up such that even his honesty can no more disregard theirShow MoreRelatedJospeh Andrews as Comic Epic in Prose3335 Words   |  14 PagesJoseph Andrews From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the novel. For the former Liberal Member of Parliament, see Joseph Andrews (politician). 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Copyright Introduction Eudora Weltys A Worn Path, first published in Atlantic Monthly in February, 1941, is the tale of Phoenix Jacksons journey through the woods of Mississippi to the town of Natchez. The story won an O. Henry Prize the year it was published and later appeared in Weltys collection The Wide Net. Since then, it has been frequently anthologized. At first the story appears simple, but its mythic undertones and ambiguity gives a depth and richnessRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 PagesBibliography and Further Reading 15. Copyright Introduction Eudora Weltys A Worn Path, first published in Atlantic Monthly in February, 1941, is the tale of Phoenix Jacksons journey through the woods of Mississippi to the town of Natchez. The story won an O. Henry Prize the year it was published and later appeared in Weltys collection The Wide Net. Since then, it has been frequently anthologized. At first the story appears simple, but its mythic undertones and ambiguity gives a depth and richnessRead MoreFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pageschance, worshipping the rising sun and avoiding of the setting one. His marriage was also a marriage of convenience. He did not hesitate to take part in political intrigues in order to promote his ambition. His letter to the king and queen were also full of flattery that it was hard to believe that they came from the pen of such an intellectual man. Though he was wise yet he showed certain incapacity of emotions and this trait can also be witnessed in his essays. 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Project Capstone

Question: Discuss about theProject Capstone. Answer: Introduction to Literature Review The process of recruiting employees is precarious and it deals with the exorbitant cost of training and hiring employees with talent, knowledge and skills, which are suitable for the job designation. However, the major consideration in the entire recruitment process suggests whether to promote an individual within the organisation or hire somebody from outside. According to Cao et al. (2014), both of these processes possess some potential advantages and disadvantages ad can influence the business design and structure of an organisation. The literature review will discuss the importance of internal promotions and external recruitment in the function hall business of Sidney. Even some conceptual theories on internal promotion and external recruitment will be provided in order to get a clear and detailed view on the concerned topic. Literature review consists of existing literature regarding the research topic. The chosen organisation is Grand Roxy of Australia, which is famous for func tion centre and is located in Sydney Brighton beach (Bonet 2014). Hypothesis: H0: Internal promotion and external recruiting cannot influence the business practice in function hall business. H1: Internal promotions and external recruiting can influence the business practice in function hall business. Importance of Internal Promotion There are several steps, which an organisation usually follows in order to determine the employees for promotion. The process of promoting within an organisation has become a popular trend in the function hall business of Australia and the management support this process only because of good reason. Grand Roxy prefers to promote the existing employees rather than hiring new employees in order to help them to be motivated and engaged during the performance of assigned tasks. However, Rongen et al. (2014) have argued that not every existing employees of an organisation are not capable of being promoted for further achievement on the career progression. In certain cases, it is better for recruiting talented and skilled individual rather than promoting unprofessional and unmotivated employees of the organisation. However, the management of Grand Roxy always tries to motivate and influence every employees of the organisation with proper division of work pressure, appraisals and healthy wo rking environment within the organisation. With these working practices, the existing employees of Grand Roxy are satisfied and is able to perform own roles and responsibilities with adequate knowledge, attitudes and skills (Al-Khoury et al. 2014). The management of this function hall thinks and discusses with the supervisors and leaders about the potential employees, who performed in the best way for managing any kind of events in this function hall. Both the management and employees of Grand Roxy plan and execute every event in meticulously manner only those employees, who completed every assigned tasks seamlessly and smoothly and satisfy the clients. Daft (2012) has contradicted that an organisation should have detailed knowledge about the job description before hiring a new employee or promoting an existing employee. Grand Roxy always update relevant information regarding the constant changes within the organisation in order to provide the customers a best experience of their desired events. The higher management of Grand Roxy consider the clients as their extended family, therefore, the event planners plan, decorate the function hall after thorough discussion with the client, and always offer the best and suitable event plan. Although the event managers of Grad Roxy operate the entire events, still they always provide priority to their customers and listens to their suggestions. The management of Grand Roxy allows only those employees for internal promotion, who are capable to provide uncompromised services to the clients and helped the company to win awards as best Function Centre Awards. Even internal promotions of this company are often decided according to the feedback of the clients. Grand Roxy allows its customers to provide relevant feedback on their official webpage after the completion of events. As opined by Aaker (2012), personality plays a significant role in the process of internal promotion and it is often considered as relevant then the skills and knowledge. The capabilities, skills and knowledge can be learned and can be upgraded with proper training process; however, it is next to impossible to learn the quality of personality as personality is a stable situation of an individuals life. Before providing internal promotions to the employees, Grand Roxy monitor, assess and evaluates the good traits of the employees (Bratton and Gold 2012). The regular personality tests help the management team of Grand Roxy to understand the thinking structure, resistance to stress and learning mode of every employee for internal promotion. Grand Roxy supported the proce ss of internal promotion over external recruitment in order to influence and motivate the existing employees of the organisation and provide their best performance during the planning and execution of an event. Necessity of External Recruitment The fundamental strategy of external recruitment involves a systematic process, which allows the talented individual to perform in the existing job vacancies. Easterby-Smith et al. (2012) have suggested that every organisation provides advertisements in various platforms for attracting the talented candidates. Grand Roxy supports the procedure of internal promotion, as it possesses substantial advantages. The management gets an inflow of new and innovative ideas in order to perform in corporate culture. External recruitments always bring fresh talents and skills into the organisation, which is potential enough to complete assigned tasks within appropriate period and following proper strategies (Xanthopoulou et al. 2013). Grand Roxy recruits candidates because its business strategies require more innovation, creativity, interesting and uniqueness to provide the clients a best experience of their desired events. A fresh recruitment will come to this company with prior knowledge from pa st working experience and will be able to produce completely new idea, which can transform the process of planning and decorations of the events (Belbin 2012). Grand Roxy supports the workplace diversity as it brings out the best performance of every employee. The process of external recruitment may lead to the stability of a team, as team can remain active and intact during the important procedures of external hiring of employees. Grand Roxy also recruit employees for temporary basis during the heavy work pressures of event. During the season of party and wedding, many event management organisations of Australia recruit temporary employees in order to reduce the workload from its existing employees (Hill and Hill 2012). The HR department of Grand Roxy often encounters the dilemma between the internal promotions and external recruitment for performing allocated tasks in the organisation. HR department mainly recruits the employees on basic level rather than the managerial and leadership post within the organisation. The managers and leaders have detailed and adequate knowledge about the functions and activities of an organisation, therefore , it is not a perfect idea to recruit in these position (Tims et al. 2013). On the other hand, the leaders can provide proper training to the recruited employees and help them to gain knowledge about the roles and responsibilities of the organisation. As Grand Rosy is a famous function hall in Sydney, therefore it carries a reputation and adequate brand image. The managers and leaders rely on the references and interview procedures only after thorough checking and analysis of both the internal and external candidates. The HR department of Grand Roxy provides advertisements on the social media platform, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snap chat and official website of the organisation. Even the organisation provides advertisements on newspaper and radio commercials of Australia to help the inhabitants to know about the facilities, decorations, design and location of the venue. HR department of Grand Roxy mainly recruits in the advertisements team as fresh individual is capable to involve completely new and innovative ideas and concepts that the existing one (Kehoe and Wright 2013). In order to retain its position in the market of Australia, Grand Roxy promotes the existing employees and recruits completely new candidate. Effect on Company Cost During Recruitment According to Jensen et al. (2013), the process of external recruitment cost much more thn the salary of existing employees within the organisation most of the organisation neglects the process of hiring new individual and supports internal promotion only to reduce the cost of the process. The entire process of recruitment and selection consists of advertising, resume checking, interview, background check and assessment test, however, the process of promotion requires only thorough and in depth assessment of the daily activities of the employees of an organisation. Even there is a cost of training for the newly recruited employees in order to perform in adequate manner (Yeh 2013). The functions and activities of Grand Roxy involve creativity and innovation as it continues function hall business in successful way since few years. There are also hidden costs because of external recruitment, such as the cost of workplace integration, the cost of salary and benefits, cost of dislocation d ue to hiring team, cost of attrition and basic cost of recruitment. Every organisation spends a lump some money on the entire process of recruitment and internal promotes as the success of an organisation is depended upon it. The recruitment costs vary from one organisation to the other; it is an obvious matter that, the cost of recruitment in a retail company will be completely different and expensive than the recruitment process in an event management company. As opposed by Bala and Venkatesh (2013), the basic cost of the hiring department of a company includes adequate time to explain and review the position requirements and calculate the exact numbers of desired candidates before short-listing their name for the next round. The external costs engage advertising, job fairs, internet posting, travel reimbursements to the desired candidates and consultant fees and all these process are not required during the internal promotions. The management only evaluates and assesses the job p erformance of the present employees of an organisation and decides who are eligible for the promotion for their career progression. The Recruitment Cost Ratio (RCR) is solely depended upon the total recruitment costs and the total compensation recruited. A lower level of percentage value actually determines the fundamental efficiency of the entire recruiting function (Allen and Shanock 2013). Methods of Recruitment The theory of achievement motivation suggests the power and affiliation, which are developed by the external and internal factors. The motivated employees of an organisation required different kind of needs such as affiliation, power and achievement. However, most of the employees of Grand Roxy possess a mix of all these above-mentioned needs. Theory of achievement motivation deals with the task-oriented goals, performance, persistence, choices of tasks and efforts in order to maintain the high and low perceived competence or ability. Walker et al. (2013) have mentioned that the level of motivation of an individual is solely depended on the combination of situational factors and personality. The achievement motivation of employees of Grand Roxy is considered with a function of expectancy, incentive and motive. Methods of recruitment engage the direct, indirect and third party and with strict following of these processes, an organisation ultimately reaches to the job seekers, who are potential and efficient for the desired designation. The direct method involves the representatives of an organisation, who are sent to the talented and skilled candidates in the training and educational institutes. The representative works in combination with the placement section of these institutes in order to establish relevant contacts with those candidates, who are seeking job. The indirect methods involve various advertisements in radio, television, magazines, journals and newspapers (Ghosh et al. 2013). This method has been followed by an organisation if it fails to find appropriate candidates for the professional posts. In certain cases, there are instances of not revealing the identity of the advertising providing organisation and the desired candidates are asked to reply to the Box No. However, the HR department of Grand Roxy supports the indirect method of recruitment as the process of blind advertisement may damage the brand reputation of the company (Williams 2013). Th ird party method involves agencies of private employment, professional associations, management consultants, employee recommendations, trade unions voluntary organisation, labour contractors and data banks. All these help the recruiter to contact with the suitable job seekers for approached designation. Many organisations encounter challenges and problems regarding the appropriate methods of recruitment. The recruitment process is different from one company to another and it is solely focused on the following policies, rules and regulations of an organisation. However, Grand Roxy supports internal promotions and usually avoids external recruitment process only to ignore such organisational problems. Conclusion Recruitment is an important process of an organisation as it attracts and identifies talented individuals for job vacancies. Selection and recruitment actually determines the ultimate success of an organisation, similarly Grand Roxy recruits only capable and skilled individuals in order to retain its present leading position in the function hall business of Australia. However, there are certain flaws and gaps within the recruitment process of this organisation, which can be resolved with the proper implementation of effective business strategies. The management take seriously the feedbacks from the clients and take actions accordingly. If some feedbacks are appreciative for an employee, then the management consider that particular individual for promotion rather than hiring an external employee for some important and responsible role. However, there are still arguments regarding the effectiveness and necessity of internal promotions and external hiring process of an organisation. Bot h the processes are vital for an organisation in order to reach the desired goal in future and every organisation varies from the other regarding this particular matter considering the present business situation and the requirements of employees on the concerned department. References Aaker, D.A., 2012.Building strong brands. Simon and Schuster. Al-Khoury, P., Al-Kotob, M., Iskandar, C., El Amad, F., Mezher, T., Saidi, T., Ghazzawi, W. and Al-Baba, Z., 2014. Employees Perception About the Effect of Training on Promotion: Evidence from Lebanon.Global Journal of Business Research,8(2), pp.23-31. Allen, D.G. and Shanock, L.R., 2013. Perceived organizational support and embeddedness as key mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to commitment and turnover among new employees.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(3), pp.350-369. Bala, H. and Venkatesh, V., 2013. Changes in Employees' Job Characteristics During an Enterprise System Implementation: A Latent Growth Modeling Perspective.MIS quarterly,37(4), pp.1113-1140. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Management teams. Routledge. Bonet, R., 2014. Highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Involvement Work Practices and the Opportunities for Promotion in the Organization.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,53(2), pp.295-324. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Cao, J., Lemmon, M.L., Pan, X., Qian, M. and Tian, G.G., 2014. Political promotion, CEO incentives, and the relationship between pay and performance.CEO Incentives, and the Relationship between Pay and Performance (June 21, 2014). Daft, R., 2012.Organization theory and design. Nelson Education. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. and Jackson, P.R., 2012.Management research. Sage. Ghosh, P., Satyawadi, R., Prasad Joshi, J. and Shadman, M., 2013. Who stays with you? Factors predicting employees' intention to stay.International Journal of Organizational Analysis,21(3), pp.288-312. Hill, A. and Hill, T., 2012.Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Jensen, J.M., Patel, P.C. and Messersmith, J.G., 2013. High-performance work systems and job control consequences for anxiety, role overload, and turnover intentions.Journal of Management,39(6), pp.1699-1724. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Rongen, A., Robroek, S.J. and Burdorf, A., 2014. The importance of internal health beliefs for employees' participation in health promotion programs.Preventive medicine,67, pp.330-334. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. and Derks, D., 2013. The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being.Journal of occupational health psychology,18(2), p.230. Walker, H.J., Bauer, T.N., Cole, M.S., Bernerth, J.B., Feild, H.S. and Short, J.C., 2013. Is this how I will be treated? Reducing uncertainty through recruitment interactions.Academy of Management Journal,56(5), pp.1325-1347. Williams, C., 2013.Principles of management. South-Western Cengage Learning. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B. and Fischbach, A., 2013. Work engagement among employees facing emotional demands.Journal of Personnel Psychology. Yeh, C.M., 2013. Tourism involvement, work engagement and job satisfaction among frontline hotel employees.Annals of Tourism Research,42, pp.214-239.

My Biggest Dream Essay Example

My Biggest Dream Paper Topic Sentence: My biggest dream is to become a stage performer and eventually have my own concerts and world tours someday. Everyday, I look forward to have my biggest dream to be a reality because dreams are simply made to be real and not Just to be a mere thought waiting to be discovered. Dreams do not Just happen because a dreamer needs to have passion and determination to make dreams come true. My biggest dream is to become a stage performer and eventually have my own concerts and world tours someday. It gives me the feeling of satisfaction and self-worth as I imagine myself being able to share my talent in music to everyone who also loves the world of music. I always keep on dreaming that I can seize the stage of famous concert halls around the world and perform something extraordinary because it fascinates me every time I hear someone having world tours or even those performers who happen to have local concerts in Araneta, Pagcor or Mall of Asia. As for the moment, there is this negative feeling that makes me think I cant make it and I also have my hesitation within myself. I set my goals but then again, I am not that confident that I can attain all of those dreams someday. Despite this uncertainty, I believe that if I am not bound to fulfill those dreams I defined right now yet it is a sure thing for me that I am bound to something wonderful that God has planned for me ahead of my Journey as an emerging person. We will write a custom essay sample on My Biggest Dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Biggest Dream specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Biggest Dream specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Essay Example

A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Essay Example A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Paper A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Paper Essay Topic: In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women Literature To Kill a Mockingbird Thomas Hardy wrote The Withered Arm in 1874, and Harper Lee wrote To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960. In both texts outsiders form the basis of the plot. The dictionary definition of an outcast, or outsider, is a person who is rejected or excluded from a social group. There are many causes that make people outcasts: class, colour, disability, or any difference from the majority of the social group in which they are supposedly meant to be included. In each text, outsiders are presented as people with obvious differences from the norm for example, in The Withered Arm, Rhoda is presented as an outsider by Their course lay apart from the others, to a lonely spot. This immediately shows that other people see Rhoda and her illegitimate son as outsiders, or that they isolate themselves from society and this makes them outsiders. This isolation from society is also shown by the Radley family in To Kill a Mockingbird. Both Rhoda and the Radley family choose to separate themselves from other people, but for different reasons. Rhoda does it because of her son and the rumours that surround her, whereas the Radley family stays away from Maycomb life for religious reasons so busy worrying about the next world theyve never learned to live in this one. In the later stages of the book, Scout is seen as an outsider by Jem and Dill this is shown by the quote He was now positively allergic to my presence in public. The role outsiders play in each of the texts varies. They can provide valuable insights into the attitudes and opinions of other characters; they can highlight prejudice; they increase tension and interest and help develop the storylines. For example, the abuse aimed at Tom Robinson shows us how prejudiced the majority of Maycombs society is. In The Withered Arm, the townsfolk are quite sympathetic towards Rhoda Tis hard for she, which shows us that Farmer Lodge is seen as a bad character in the book. Both these factors add to Gertrudes plight. Gertrude is isolated by her class and her disability. This heightens Rhodas guilt and adds tension to the text. Also, it strengthens the relationship between Gertrude and Rhoda, making it even more dramatic when Gertrude realizes that it was Rhoda that cast the curse on her arm. The Withered Arm is set in the early 19th century, whereas To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the 1930s. Class has a big effect on how characters in the texts behave, think and say. The classes in The Withered Arm are defined by material wealth and status, and could almost be compared to a caste system. In To Kill A Mockingbird, the class distinctions are defined by colour or gender. This generally aims to make the readers feel sympathy towards the outsiders, because (hypothetically) all men and women are equal in our multicultural society. These differences also shock and sometimes anger the reader for example, the verdict in Tom Robinsons trial, although expected, still evokes anger because of the injustice and prejudice towards the outsider. Harper Lee aims to shock and increase tension for the reader, but Thomas Hardy shows less of this. I think this because of the time differences between the texts. Harper Lee purposely set the novel in the 1930s for this reason, whereas Thomas Hardy does not move the time period, so, at the time the text was written, the prejudice in the book would have been seen as normal. The Withered Arm bases its tension on superstition, which the literate people of the early 19th century would have been suspicious of. In The Withered Arm, pre-1900 language is used for example twill, whereas in To Kill a Mockingbird, modern language is used. Both texts use dialects an example in The Withered Arm would be He hant spoke, and an example in To Kill a Mockingbird would be moseyin along. This adds realism to the texts and shows the place and time period of the setting. It also shows the class and, sometimes, the colour of the person speaking. Both texts use some very delicate and beautiful similes to describe women, such as like the light under a heap of rose petals and like soft teacakes with frostings of sweet talcum. The first simile is used to describe Gertrude; it portrays her young, fresh complexion, and I think the rose petals could show the softness of her skin. The second simile seems to refer to much older ladies, because of the reference to teacakes. It can also be linked to the quote it was a tired old town, because Scout feels she is bored of Maycomb to her everything seems too old and slow Atticus was feeble he was nearly 50. The description in The Withered Arm is delivered by Hardys voice, and because of this the vocabulary is very sophisticated for instance dark countenance. However, in To Kill a Mockingbird, the description uses simple vocabulary, because it is the voice of Scout. These different techniques give different impressions to the reader. Hardy creates detailed images with very few words, but Lee shows a realistic childhood view of the events in Maycomb with her use of vocabulary. Superstition forms the main source of prejudice in The Withered Arm, but in To Kill a Mockingbird, colour and race form the major source of discrimination. Both the settings in the texts are quite similar. Both texts are set in small towns that are geographically isolated I feel this is because it helps move the storyline along people only enter the text if they have a purpose in the text. This also makes both communities in the texts introverted. I think this helps the reader to get to know all the characters well. It also helps show the relationships between them. We also know that, if a character is introduced later on in the book, they will have a role to play in the plot. Rhoda Brook is initially shown as a thin worn milkmaid. This immediately shows the reader of her physical appearance and class. We also know that she is middle aged made her dark eyes seem handsome anew and that she was beautiful when she was younger. This also refers to her past involving her affair with Farmer Lodge and her illegitimate son. There is some evidence to her being a witch, though she does not know it or wish this to be so something greater in the occult world than she had ever herself suspected. In certain ways, Rhoda Brook can be compared to Boo Radley. Both characters are isolated by imposing male figures (Boos father and Farmer Lodge), then isolate themselves Boo because of his hermit-like ways, Rhoda because of her illegitimate child. Both characters are feared by society, and both are subjected to rumours. However, there is some evidence that Rhoda does have supernatural powers; whereas Scout fears Boo because of stories she has heard from Jem and adults. Boo adds fear and tension to the beginning of the novel, but as Scout grows older, she fears him less, and when she finally meets him she feels no fear at all Hello Boo. I feel this relationship could also represent, or be a result of, Scouts changing outlook on the world. As she learns more about the Tom Robinson trial, and listens to people like Atticus and Ms Maudie, the influences on her life become much less prejudiced and her attitude towards other outsiders in the book changes. She refers much more to Atticus philosophy: You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view, which increases her empathy with outsiders in the text. Rhoda Brook can also be compared to Gertrude Lodge, because both characters suffer a great amount of pain in The Withered Arm. They both struggle unsuccessfully to gain Farmer Lodges love. Neither manages to actually do this, although both go to great lengths to try to win his love. I think that both Rhoda and Gertrude suffer almost continually throughout the storyline, which is ironic as they cause most of each others suffering. I feel that Hardys portrayal of the suffering of the characters is quite sarcastic and cynical, because both characters never win Lodges love and both come to unhappy ends Gertrudes death and the death of Rhodas son. After reading the story it is obvious that suffering and unrequited love are themes in the text. This love is present in both the characters. At the start of The Withered Arm, Gertrude is described as having a face as comely as a live dolls and being A lady complete. This immediately lets the reader know of her social status and her beauty. She is very young almost, indeed, a girl and very attractive in both body and nature kindly innocent. Farmer Lodge seems only to love her for her looks my pretty Gertrude, and this is further proven when her looks begin to fade and the curse begins to take hold. As soon as Rhoda learns about Gertrude, she tries to learn as much as possible about her. I feel that this is because she wants to compare herself to her. She interrogates her son on Gertrudes appearance see if she is dark or fair although she is too proud to view her herself. At first she is interested in Gertrude purely for jealousy but her views change after she becomes friends with Gertrude. After Rhodas dream, she feels immense guilt because of Gertrude. She is remorseful and angry with herself because she harboured such feelings towards Gertrude, which unconsciously caused this ailment she did not wish to inflict pain. Rhoda is torn between two feelings her feeling of bitterness towards her rival and deep repentance towards her friend. She also has trouble with her adoration of Gertrude, the light, and what her secret heart feels: unconscious usurpation. This need to take control because her successor had rendered impossible any reparation between her and Lodge is not obvious to Rhoda in her conscious mind; however, her dreams shows us of this deep resentment towards any rival for Lodges love. As Gertrudes arm slowly shrivels, she is caused mental pain as well as physical. She is seemingly discarded by Farmer Lodge, which seems to have also happened to Rhoda during her previous affair with him. I feel that this conveys how alike Gertrude and Rhoda are, which leads the reader to believe that the story shall take form in much the same way Gertrude losing his affection. She is annoyed at her husbands lack of enthusiasm for trying to cure her arm. This leads to Gertrude becoming isolated from her husband by experimenting with every quack remedy she came across and bottles, packets and ointment pots. It becomes an obsession for Gertrude, more so after all her attempts fail miserably at achieving her goal, turning her into an irritable, superstitious women. In this section of the text, Gertrude is blinded from Farmer Lodges detestation of her condition, showed by the prosiness of their marriage. It also becomes apparent from hearing how Gertrude has grown out of favour with her husband. This is reinforced when he promised her a ladies horse in one of the stables when they were wed but never bought one. I feel that the fact she has to ride a draught animal rather than a ladies horse shows her changing outlook on her life. She feels that by marrying Lodge she would have had a good life, but that she is now saddled with a cursed arm and an isolated lifestyle. I feel that Hardy wanted to create a short story that was filled with excitement and tension, but that was of no great consequence. Harper Lee, however, wanted to put across many of her own ideas through characters, such as Scout, and wanted people to learn from her book. There is much excitement and tension in To Kill a Mockingbird, but in The Withered Arm, the excitement is much more concentrated, because of the shortness of the text. This creates very different effects in the two storylines. To Kill a Mockingbird is very subtle, bringing outsiders in gradually and hinting at different ideas before coming to a culmination (the trial). The Withered Arm introduces the two main outsiders very quickly, as they play major roles in the development of the plot. The outsiders in To Kill a Mockingbird are still very important and play a key role in developing the plot, but are generally not seen as major roles. Conjuror Trendle is an outsider that can be, in some ways, compared to Tom Robinson. Both characters are isolated from society. Conjuror Trendle is isolated because of the superstitions surrounding witchcraft in the early 19th century, and also geographically she nearly got lost on the heath. Tom is isolated because of his colour, his disability, and the fact that he lives in the slums (black peoples housing of the period). Both characters are very helpful, and will do jobs for nothing. Higher-class members of society use them for their skills. This makes Trendle and Tom quite similar underneath, though not so upon the surface. Trendle can also be compared to Boo, because both are outsiders that shape the final outcomes of the storylines. Both outcomes relate strongly to the social and historical contexts of the plots, and both seem to have morals. In The Withered Arm I feel that one of the main morals is treat others as you would like to be treated because Rhoda is punished for her malicious intent with the unneeded death of her son. Gertrude is also punished for her wishing for a person to die Oh I hope not (for the hanging not to go ahead), even when she knows that the person is innocent, with her own death. In To Kill a Mockingbird I think that the main moral is, of course, Atticus philosophy, which is based on the idea of empathy. From this empathy, Scout learns to be honest, kind and unprejudiced to everyone she meets. Scout also learns how to be a lady, but this is more to do with Alexandra teaching her about etiquette rather than specific morals in the plot. Both texts use pathetic fallacy: weather was unusually warm and the wind howled dismally. However, Harper uses hot weather to show tension, whereas Hardy uses wind and wet weather. This shows the climate differences in the texts, but it also shows the different preferences in the authors styles of writing. Hardy shows an omniscient approach in the description. Because he is the narrator (no character is used), he knows everything that is going to happen in the plot. Harper uses a character to tell the story, which makes it harder to predict what is going to happen, but makes the reader feel more included in the action. The vocabulary used is also much easier to understand, which allows the text to be read by a much wider range of readers. One author is male and the other female, but both use females as the main characters we see things mainly from a female perspective. The hangman can be compared to Dolphus Raymond in some ways. Both characters live away from normal society, and both give normal people reasons for their seclusion: Raymond pretends to drink and the hangman is labeled as a hermit. Raymond is seen as a degrading person in Maycomb society, but Davies is admired. I think this is because of the way people enjoyed hang fair(s) during that period and is also shown through the admiration for the rope Tis sold by the inch. Both Miss Caroline and Aunt Alexandra are physical outsiders in To Kill a Mockingbird, but they are also quite different. Aunt Alexandra fits into Maycomb life very well for example, she is part of the Missionary Circle, whereas Miss Caroline doesnt find it so easy to fit in. I think this is because she is more ignorant of Maycombs traditions and ways than Alexandra she also appears less prejudiced to begin with, although this lessens as she settles into Maycomb life. Dill is also a physical outsider, but he is accepted because he is a child. Scout admires his intelligence he could read two books to my one and Jem sees him as a pocket Merlin, a source of entertainment and knowledge of other places. They also like his carefree attitude laugh my head off. Because Dill is not prejudiced, people are not prejudiced towards him. This seems to be true in Atticus as well in spite of Atticus shortcomings people were content to re-elect him. It seems that both Hardy and Harper base their books on childhood experiences, and use children to get their points across (Scout and Rhodas son). Both the main children in the texts have one-parent families, which was highly unusual in both periods the texts were set in. In The Withered Arm this helps to isolate Rhoda and in To Kill a Mockingbird it allows Alexandra to enter the text and gives Calpurnia a larger role as a mother figure in the plot. Outsiders are incredibly important in all aspects of these two texts they provide humour, add interest, convey emotions of the authors, highlight prejudice, create tension and, ultimately, provide the culminations of the plots. Outsiders such a Scout and Dill provide humour Scout by some of the things she says there wasnt much left for us to learn, except possibly algebra. This provides humour because algebra is insignificant when compared to the ordeals the children have been through and the life lessons they have learnt that they will take with them throughout their lives. It also emphasises how young Scout actually is. Dill provides humour through his carefree attitude Ill go and join the circus. He makes fun of the hypocrisy of the Maycomb citizens, which also adds humour because he is touching upon a taboo subject. Interest is added through outsiders such as Trendle and Boo. They also add tension, because of their mystery and rumours that surround them. The tension from Conjuror Trendle is implied to be much more serious than that of Boo, because witchcraft was truly feared by people during the 19th century. Boos rumours are unrealistic and dismissed by adults, but the childrens imaginations make this squirrel eating monster seem quite threatening. I think that when they are acting out the Boo Radley play, they are trying to think about Atticus philosophy but do not have the empathy to do this properly. Atticus makes them stop to show them that this is not the way to empathise, and through his careful teaching and love they learn how to understand true compassion and empathy. Scout is the main character that conveys the emotions of the author Harper uses Scout as a tool to put forward her own ideas. Atticus is also used in a similar way. I think that Rhoda and Gertrude put across (perhaps unintentionally) Hardys cynical views on love and beauty. Outsiders that highlight prejudice include Gertrude and Tom. Tom is used by Atticus to highlight prejudice during the trial, and Gertrude is judged by her physical appearance and well-being, rather than her personality. Boo and Gertrude provide the culminations of the storylines, coming in early on in the plots and ending the storylines too. This adds structure to the texts and also makes the reader feel satisfied once they have read the books, because characters that they know well and are present throughout the storylines with them, tie up loose ends and provide the final climax and conclusion.

Admiral David Dixon Porter in the Civil War

Admiral David Dixon Porter in the Civil War David Dixon Porter - Early Life: Born at Chester, PA on June 8, 1813, David Dixon Porter was the son of Commodore David Porter and his wife Evalina. Producing ten children, the Porters had also adopted the young James (later David) Glasgow Farragut in 1808 after the boys mother had aided Porters father. A hero of the War of 1812, Commodore Porter left the US Navy in 1824 and two years later accepted command of the Mexican Navy. Traveling south with his father, young David Dixon was appointed a midshipman and saw service aboard several Mexican vessels. David Dixon Porter - Joining the US Navy: In 1828, Porter sailed aboard the brig Guerrero (22 guns) to attack Spanish shipping off Cuba. Commanded by his cousin, David Henry Porter, Guerrero was captured by the Spanish frigate Lealtad (64). In the action, the elder Porter was killed and afterwards David Dixon was taken to Havana as a prisoner. Soon exchanged, he returned to his father in Mexico. Unwilling to further risk his sons life, Commodore Porter sent him back to the United States where his grandfather, Congressman William Anderson, was able to secure him a midshipmans warrant in the US Navy on February 2, 1829. David Dixon Porter - Early Career: Due to his time in Mexico, the young Porter possessed more experience than many of his midshipman peers and the junior officers above him. This bred a brashness and arrogance than led to clashes with his superiors. Though nearly dismissed from the service, he proved a capable midshipman. In June 1832, he sailed aboard the flagship of Commodore David Patterson, USS United States. For the cruise, Patterson had embarked his family and Porter soon began courting his daughter, George Ann. Returning to the United States, he passed his lieutenants exam in June 1835. David Dixon Porter - Mexican-American War: Assigned to the Coast Survey, he saved sufficient funds to allow him to marry George Ann in March 1839.   The couple would ultimately have six children, four sons and two daughters, that survived to adulthood. Promoted to lieutenant in March 1841, he briefly served in the Mediterranean before being ordered to the Hydrographic Office. In 1846, Porter was dispatched on a secret mission to the Republic of Santo Domingo to assess the new nations stability and to scout locations for a naval base around the Bay of Semana. Returning in June, he learned that the Mexican-American War had begun. Assigned as the first lieutenant of the sidewheel gunboat USS Spitfire, Porter served under Commander Josiah Tattnall. Operating in the Gulf of Mexico, Spitfire was present during the landing of Major General Winfield Scotts army in March 1847. With the army preparing to lay siege to Veracruz, Commodore Matthew Perrys fleet moved to attack the citys seaward defenses. Knowing the area from his days in Mexico, on the night of March 22/23 Porter took a small boat and mapped a channel into the harbor. The next morning, Spitfire and several other vessels used Porters channel to run into the harbor to attack the defenses. Though this violated orders that Perry had issued, he applauded his subordinates boldness. That June, Porter took part in Perrys attack on Tabasco. Leading a detachment of sailors, he succeeded in capturing one of the forts defending the town. In reward, he was given command of Spitfire for the remainder of the war. Though his first command, he saw little subsequent action as the war moved inland. Seeking to improve his knowledge of emerging steam technology, he took a leave of absence in 1849 and commanded several mail steamers. Returning in 1855, he was given command of the storeship USS Supply. This duty saw him employed in a scheme to bring camels to the US for use by the US Army in the Southwest. Coming ashore in 1857, Porter held several positions before being appointed to the Coast Survey in 1861. David Dixon Porter - Civil War: Before Porter could depart, the Civil War began. Approached by Secretary of State William Seward and Captain Montgomery Meigs, US Army, Porter was given command USS Powhatan (16) and dispatched on a secret mission to reinforce Fort Pickens at Pensacola, FL. This mission proved a success and was a demonstrative show of his loyalty to the Union. Promoted to commander on April 22, he was sent to blockade the mouth of the Mississippi River. That November, he began advocating for an attack on New Orleans. This moved forward the following spring with Farragut, now a flag officer, in command. Attached to his foster brothers squadron, Porter was placed in command of a flotilla of mortar boats. Pushing forward on April 18, 1862, Porters mortars bombarded Forts Jackson and St. Philip. Though he believed that two days of firing would reduce both works, little damage was inflicted after five. Unwilling to wait any longer, Farragut ran past the forts on April 24 and captured the city. Remaining by the forts, Porter compelled their surrender on April 28. Moving upstream, he aided Farragut in attacking Vicksburg before being ordered east in July. David Dixon Porter - Mississippi River: His return to the East Coast proved brief as he was soon promoted directly to rear admiral and placed in command of the Mississippi River Squadron that October. Taking command, he was tasked with aiding Major General John McClernand in opening the upper Mississippi. Moving south, they were joined by troops led by Major General William T. Sherman. Though Porter came to despise McClernand, he formed a strong, lasting friendship with Sherman. At McClernands direction, the force attacked and captured Fort Hindman (Arkansas Post) in January 1863. Uniting with Major General Ulysses S. Grant, Porter was next tasked with supporting Union operations against Vicksburg. Working closely with Grant, Porter succeeded in running most of his fleet past Vicksburg on the night of April 16. Six nights later he ran a fleet of transports past the citys guns as well. Having assembled a large naval force south of the city, he was able to transport and support Grants operations against Grand Gulf and Bruinsburg. As the campaign progressed, Porters gunboats ensured that Vicksburg remained cut off from reinforcement by water. David Dixon Porter - Red River the North Atlantic: With the citys fall on July 4, Porters squadron began patrols of the Mississippi until being ordered to support Major General Nathaniel Banks Red River Expedition. Beginning in March 1864, the endeavor proved unsuccessful and Porter was fortunate to extract his fleet from the rivers receding waters. On October 12, Porter was ordered east to take command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Ordered to close the port of Wilmington, NC, he transported troops under Major General Benjamin Butler to attack Fort Fisher that December. The attack proved a failure when Butler showed a lack of resolve. Irate, Porter returned north and requested a different commander from Grant. Returning to Fort Fisher with troops led by Major General Alfred Terry, the two men captured the fort in the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in January 1865. David Dixon Porter - Later Life: With the end of the war, the US Navy was rapidly downsized. With fewer sea-going commands available, Porter was appointed Superintendent of the Naval Academy in September 1865. While there, he was promoted to vice admiral and embarked on an ambitious campaign to modernize and reform the academy to make it the rival of West Point. Departing in 1869, he briefly advised Secretary of the Navy Adolph E. Borie, a novice in naval affairs, until his replacement by George M. Robeson. With Admiral Farraguts death in 1870, Porter believed that he should be promoted to fill the vacancy. This did occur, but only after a protracted fight with his political enemies. Over the next twenty years, Porter was increasingly removed from the US Navys operations. After spending much of this time writing, he died at Washington, DC on February 13, 1890. Following his funeral, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Selected Sources CWPT: David D. PorterArlington Cemetery: David D. Porter

Efficient Markets Hypothesis(Financial Economics) Essay

Efficient Markets Hypothesis(Financial Economics) - Essay Example The random movement argument of weak form of efficiency may not be valid argument as research studies have clearly outlined a positive correlation between degree of tending observed in prices as well as the time period. This therefore clearly outlines that the prices do not follow a random path but rather show certain trends. It is however, critical to note that these period are not relatively long but trends do emerge over certain period of time. Behavioral economists argue that markets are imperfect because of the behavioral and cognitive biases. Imperfections in the market emerge as a result of these cognitive behaviors and as such markets may not efficiently operate. These cognitive biases emerge as a result of overconfidence, information and representation bias and other human errors result into errors in judgments. These biases and human error does not allow investors to value the stocks properly and as such, markets show inefficiency. These errors often result into investors buying the growth stocks and ignoring value stocks and those who can reason correctly can profit out of this situation and hence can beat the market easily. Studies conducted on the Indian Stock Exchange outlines the weak form of inefficiency and suggested that the prices actually do not follow random prices. Various local studies in the developing countries have consistently shown the same results that the markets are weak form inefficient at least in the local developing markets. These studies have clearly shown that the markets may not be efficient in any form of efficiency. These arguments have also been supported by other empirical studies indicating that even the strong form of efficiency does not exist. Stocks having low P/E ratios tend to provide higher returns and thus can allow investors to earn abnormal returns if chosen wisely. Investors developing their studies based upon choosing the stocks on P/E ratio can beat the market. It

Development and Information System s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Development and Information System s - Essay Example This has had an effect on my development as I tend to demonstrate similar characteristics when found in situations that lead to anger in me and I overreact sometimes to somewhat minor events. In addition, my social environment has also had an impact on my development as exemplified by the fact that I grew up in a tough neighbourhood and most of the friends that I surrounded myself with were filled with resentment and took every chance to always cause trouble or start a fight and this also grew in me by the mere association with my peers of the same character. There hence cannot be a clear and definitive line between heredity and environmental factors that separates then and gives superiority to one aspect as more responsible in influencing development in children as both do contribute accordingly. This two factors also played a major role in my personality development (Simanowitz& Pearce, 2003, p.56). For example, based on my family traits and the environment in growing up, I develop ed quite an ego and pride that made me always put myself first over others and in addition I developed a sense of self-defence when face with a problem that would potentially take an emotional toll on me. Information systems are the channels in an organisation or even an informal group of people by which information is relayed from one person to another within the group. An information system hence is basically a collection of people, data, technology and procedures that work together to produce information that is relevant to the activities of the organisation (Lucey, 2004, p.23). There are various types of information systems in organisations and in the organisation that I work in, the main types of information systems include, Transaction Processing Systems, Office Support Systems, Management Information Systems, Decision support Systems and Executive Information systems. These systems work in tandem to ensure that the flow and processing of information is kept relevant with all the information needed to be relayed to the necessary individuals being done on time and it should be of good quality. The Transaction processing systems are at the operational level. It is an information systems that obtains and processes data that ifs generated during the daily activities of an organisation and is performed mostly by the clerical and frontline staff in the organisation. These systems are aimed at helping an organisation to achieve its functionalities involving collection of data, processing it and transforming it into the required output for proper operation. Office support systems are designed to work in tandem with Transaction processing systems by enabling staff to perform their office duties with more ease and efficiency. The Management information systems in the organisation are the ones used by the middle level managers to aid them in ensuring that the organisation is and will continue to be run effectively both in the short run and in the long term. They ar e designed to enable the managers to perform comparisons in performance between present and prior time periods. The decision support systems in the organisation are used by the senior level managers to assist them in making decisions by allowing them to make projections of the aftermath of the decisions made in the future. Lastly, the organisation has an Executive information system. This is used by the executives and senior managers to aid t

Elderly Abuse Essay Example for Free

Elderly Abuse Essay Lifespan stage and counseling-related problems. As part of being a human being, we are born and we grow old as time passes and then we die as life comes to an end. Part of human development is the stage of late adulthood. From the book â€Å"Human Behavior in the Social Environment,† by Jose B. Ashford and Craig Winston LeCroy, the years from age sixty until death are considered late adulthood. At this stage of life, there are many challenges that the elderly people face. Aging comes with the loss of being independent, age discrimination and diminished physical ability. During the aging process, there are also biological, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual changes. Beside two other big challenges such as poverty and ageism, one of the biggest problems that elderly people face is elderly abuse when they are at the point in their lives where they are dependent of someone to provide supports for them. According to the American Psychological Association, an estimated 4 million older Americans are victims of physical, psychological or other forms of abuse and neglect. Many people who hear â€Å"elder abuse and neglect† think about older people who live in nursing homes or older relatives who live all alone and don’t have visitors. Being part of the counseling program, it is important for counselors to know that majority of incidents of elder abuse do not happen in nursing homes or other residential settings, but rather takes place at their own home with their own spouses, children, siblings or relatives. Forms of elderly abuse to be aware of are physical abuse, verbal/psychological/emotional abuse, sexual abuse, financial exploitation and neglect. Elder abuse is often a very complex problem that is caused by many reasons such as cultural issues, stress, society and other factors. Elder abuse affects both older men and women from all socioeconomic groups, cultures, race s and ethnicities. Bio-psycho-social developmental themes Bio-psycho-social developmental themes affecting late adulthood is crucial in  understanding elderly abuse. During this developmental stage, there are lots of changes in the biological systems among this age group. Problems related to elderly physical health include gradual loss of bone mass, joints are more restricted, variety of foot problems, and arthritis which is known to affect many elderly people. Power and speed of muscle decrease as well as strength and endurance. There is a decline in hearing and vision impairment. Skin gets thin and dryer which make the skin more easily bruised and injured. Maintaining independence and health is very important in the success of someone who is in this stage of development. With the biology of aging, the elderly become physically frail which cause others to care for them sometimes resulting in mistreatment and abuse. Forms of elderly abuse that affect the individuals biologically are physical abuse and sexual abuse. Physical abuse ranges from getting slapped, shoved, beatings, kicking, pinching, burning, and getting restrained with ropes or chains. Giving inappropriate medications is also part of physical abuse. Sexual abuse among this age group ranges from inappropriate touching, forcing sexual contact, rape, sodomy and coerced nudity. It is the least reported type of elderly abuse. Sexual abuse also includes taking pictures and forcing an individual to look at pornography. These two forms of elder abuse usually cause physical problems such as signs of body bruises, bruises around genital areas, unexplained sexually transmitted diseases, untreated wounds, sprains, broken glasses and bloody underclothing. There are changes in the psychological system of this developmental stage that contributed to elderly abuse and mistreatment. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia for aging individuals. Alzheimer is literally having memory loss which is common among individuals that are in their sixty and above. Cognitive impairment increases with age and dementia is usually one of the biggest problems that often refer to irreversible cognitive impairment that affects an individual’s memory, personality, and functioning. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, cognitive impairment can sometimes be discovered early in individuals. When individuals are not able to recall names, forgetting words, misplacing things, having memory loss, getting lost in own street or neighbor, not knowing or forgetting chore needs to be done, they may possibly be showing Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia. Behavioral and emotional changes occur in people with Alzheimer’s disease. As the disease gets worsen, those with the disease will experience symptoms that include delusions, agitation, aggression and uncooperative with care. Alzheimer is a commonly known dementia disease in which there is no cure and it gets worse as it progresses. The risk of abuse increases in people with health issues such as dementia (Kohn and Verkoek-Oftedahl 2011). Verbal, emotional and psychological abuses are the common abuses that elderly individuals suffered from. Signs of emotional and psychological abuse are being upset, withdrawn, and unusual dementia-like behavior such as rocking and sucking. Name calling, intimidation, threatening, isolating the individual from families and friends are forms of verbal, emotional and psychological abuse. In late adulthood, the social dimension or support system becomes smaller. Majority of older adults have some family, while others do not. Family is the first line of support for older adults when they need care and assistance. Some older adults or elderly individuals often live with their children including grandchildren, while others live with their spouses. It is important to know that elderly abuse is often caused by family members and the least likely to be reported. For those that do not have family and are dependent for care, they are often live in adult residential homes or care facilities where they only people they interact with are the staffs within those settings. Elderly abuse is sometimes caused by individuals working at the care homes. Some individuals of this population experience loneliness and isolation. When an individual is isolated for no apparent reason, it is sometimes can be part of elderly abuse. Counseling Practice: Assess and Strategy Elderly abuse is often the result of certain societal attitudes that contribute to the violence and discrimination against older people. From the American Psychological Association, such factors that contribute to elderly abuse include the devaluation of and lack of respect for older adults and the society’s belief that what goes on in the home is a private â€Å"family matter.† When societal views regarding older people as insignificant, it results in failure to recognize the importance of assuring support, dignity and nonabusive life circumstances for every older individual. When people outside of the family observe or suspect abuse, they may fail to intervene because they believe that it is a family problem and is none of their  problems or they might be afraid that they are dealing with a private matter. Also, the feeling of shame and embarrassment might often make it difficult for older persons or even family members to report and reveal the abuse because they do n’t want others to know that such events are occurring in their families. Counselors need to take into consideration of certain cultural values, beliefs and traditions that influence the family dynamics and intergenerational relationships. These differences can make the situations difficult to distinguish from abuse or neglect. One big problem is older individuals from ethnic minorities or immigrants that do not speak English and have language barriers, financial or emotional dependence that prevent them from seeking or willingness to report abuse. It is important that anyone who works with older people in potentially abusive situations need to be sensitive to cultural differences and intervene accordingly as well as not to ignore signs of abuse. To prevent elderly abuse, counseling for behavioral or personal problems in the family can be helpful. Treating family members with substance abuse can prevent violence against aging adults in the households. In some cases, it may be a best interest to have the older individuals move to a different safer setting or having the older individuals live in nursing home if adult children are not equipped emotionally and physically to support and handle the responsibility of caring for an elderly person. When suspected of elderly abuse, counselors or any other related mental health professionals are mandated to report elderly abuse to adult protective services as required by laws. It is also important not let fear prevent you from reporting any suspicions of abuse taking place. It is important to know that someone’s life can be saved from further harms including death. People in their late adulthood deserve to be treated with respect and dignity. They are our parents, grandparents and love ones who deserve good care and love as they have reached the full stage of their lives. Cited Page Ashford, J. B., LeCroy, C. W., Lortie, K. L. (2010). Human behavior in the social environment: a multidimensional perspective (4th ed.). Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Elder Abuse and Neglect: In Search of Solutions. (n.d.). http://www.apa.org. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/elder-abuse.aspx Kohn, R., Verhoek-Oftedahl, W. (2011). Caregiving and Elder Abuse. Medicine Health Rhode Island, 94(2), 47–49. OpenStax College. (2013, July 29). Challenges Facing the Elderly. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m42880/1.4/ Resources Two Current Book References Glicken, M. D. (2009). Evidence-based counseling and psychotherapy for an aging population. Amsterdam: Academic. This book is a practical guide for advanced students, social workers, clinicians or anyone in the mental field that work with elderly clients. It covers the most effective evidence-based practices for assessment and treatment of elderly clients. Each chapter of the book directly addresses different range of conditions and disorders that are the most common for the elderly population such as social isolation, elder abuse and neglect, depression, anxiety disorders, terminal illnesses, dementias and so forth. It also prepares readers for conditions that they will encounter in the real world even working with or interacting with the elderly population. Wilson, G. (2000). Understanding old age critical and global perspectives. London: Sage. This book is about understanding old age or the elderly population. It gives readers a wide range of issues and policies on ageing. It provides many theoretical perspectives on ageing in different societies, the trends involving aging adults and what roles should be taken by older people including those who interact with this population. The book explores migration, different health issues, pensions, the structure of family and institutional care as well as it also touches based on elderly abuse. This book is essential for students, nurses, social work, counselors and those who want further understanding of the older population in our society. Journal Article Thompson, H., Priest, R. (2005). Elder Abuse and Neglect: Considerations  for Mental Health Practitioners. Adultspan Journal, 4(2), 116-128. According to the authors, elder abused is largely an unrecognized problem in the United States and is often untreated. Elder abuse and neglect is so prevalence, that not all incidents are reported. By 2030, the elderly population of late adulthood will double and it is important for mental health practitioners to be aware of intervention, different strategies, consequences, laws and the risk factors that contributed to elder abuse when working with clients. The article addresses the different types of elderly abuse and states real life problems that mental health practitioners including counselors will encounter when working with the population. Educational Internet Website National Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA) www.ncea.aoa.gov The National Center on Elder Abuse or NCEA is directed by the U.S. Administration on Aging. According to the mission of The National Center on Elder Abuse, it is a resource for policy makers, social service and health care practitioners, the justice system, researchers, advocates, and families. The site has prevention strategies and different intervention partners that are good for different work fields such as for those working with older people in the social services, APS, Ombudsman and etc†¦ It provides many different practices that are utilized in different states throughout the United States. Local Referral Source Department of Health and Human Services, Ombudsman Program 7001 A East Parkway Sacramento, CA 95823 Telephone: (916) 875-2000 The Office of Ombudsman provide information, answer questions and resources to address issues. The Office of Ombudsman protects and defends a citizen’s rights.

Learn About PC Virus :: Computer Virus

Learn About PC Virus A computer virus is a potentially damaging computer program designed to affect, or infect, your computer negatively by altering the way it works without your knowledge or permission. More specifically, a computer virus is a segment of program code that implants itself in a computer file and spreads systematically from one file to another. Viruses can spread to your computer if an infected floppy disk is in the disk drive when you boot the computer, if you run an infected program, or if you open an infected data file in a program. Computer viruses, however, do not generate by chance. Creators, or programmers, of computer virus programs write them for a specific purpose – usually to cause a certain type of symptom or damage. Some viruses are harmless pranks that simply freeze a computer temporarily or display sounds or messages. When the Music Bug virus is triggered, for example, it instructs the computer to play a few chords of music. Other viruses, by contrast, are designed to destroy or corrupt data stored on the infected computer. Thus, the symptom or damage caused by a virus can be harmless or cause significant damage, as planned by its creator. Viruses have become a serious problem in recent years. Currently, more than 45,000 known virus programs exist and an estimated six new virus programs are discovered each day. The increased use of networks, the Internet, and e-mail has accelerated the spread of computer viruses, by allowing individuals to share files – and any related viruses – more easily than ever. Types of Viruses Although numerous variations are known, four main types of viruses exist: boot sector viruses, file viruses, Trojan horse viruses, and macro viruses. A boot sector virus replaces the boot program used to start a computer with a modified, infected version of the boot program. When the computer runs the infected boot program, the computer loads the virus into its memory. Once the virus is in memory, it spreads to any disk inserted into the computer. A file virus attaches itself to or replaces program files; the virus then spreads to any file that accesses the infected program. A Trojan horse virus (named after the Greek myth) is a virus that hides within or is designed to look like a legitimate program. A macro virus uses the macro language of an application, such as word processing or spreadsheet, to hide virus code. When you open a document that contains an infected macro, the macro virus loads into memory. Certain actions, such as opening the document, activate the virus.

Cast Away Movie Critique

Cast Away was a very interesting survival experience. Put a man that runs his life by time and lives a controlled and planned life to the second and put him on a remote, lifeless island which causes him to live his life completely opposite from the way he would if he were home. It was man vs. nature as Chuck Noland (played by Tom Hanks) on an island alone for the majority of the movie. Chuck Noland is a Fed-Ex systems engineer. The night after proposing to his girlfriend Kelly (played by Helen Hunt), he gets on a plane that is carrying a cargo that he is escorting.How ironic is it that he told Kelly that he would be right back and then ends up taking an extreme nosedive in the ocean. Luckily, Noland washes up on the shore of a remote island. For the next four years of his life, he is on the island alone with his only friend being a bloody volleyball he names â€Å"Wilson†. Then one day, a wall of a portapotty washes up on shore, and he is able to use it to make some sort of ra ft to hopefully get him home or at least far enough to be noticed and venture the roaring sea once again.After much physical stress and the loss of his best friend Wilson, he is saved by a passing boat, and is returned home as somewhat of a hero and viewed as the pinnacle of strength and survival. Only thing is that the only thing that pushed him to survive for four years is now married with children putting both Kelly and Chuck in a very awkward position. Chuck Noland kept his sanity with his repeated conversations with â€Å"Wilson, the bloody volleyball†. Before then he seemed to be going insane without having someone to speak to and attempted to kill himself.There was one major flaw, in my opinion, in this film. The movie skips ahead four years at one point without any explanation of what happens during that long span of time. I understand four years is a lot of time to cover but a little explanation of key moments would’ve done the movie better. Maybe, they should ’ve showed the development of his survival skills and new-found instincts. Also Kelly in the beginning didn’t seem to be as important and have much of an impact on his life but I would just mark this as a case of â€Å"not knowing what you have until you don’t have it anymore†.Cast Away was an amazing film with a phenomenal actor who was entrusted with an entire movie (or at least most of it) on his shoulders. The transition to the island was depicted as a hard one as Chuck Noland celebrated the feat of making fire on the island, something we take for granted every day as we turn on our stoves without a thought of ever losing it. Noland represents the average man who is placed in an unfortunate situation but is able to make the best of it and eventually solve his major, life changing problem. I felt Hanks did a flawless job of depicting the life of a business man gone wrong.

Illegal Street Race Essay

The incident reported by AP (17 February 2008) and Vogel (17 February 2010) refers to an accident involving illegal street racing that killed eight bystanders in Prince George’s County near Washington. The killer race took place between two racers at 3 am on 16 February. According to the press reports, the two drivers had initially performed ‘burnouts’ where the cars are spun around in low gear, top acceleration but with breaks as this warms up the tires and the engines. It also creates a lot of smoke due to burnt rubber, smoke that did not go away but gathered like a shroud around 300 bystanders who had gathered to watch the race. When the racers came along the street, they could not see the crowd hidden under the smoke and one of the cars rammed into the crowd at speeds of more than 100 miles per hour, killing eight people and injuring others. Police teams that arrived after the accident used techniques of interviewing the witnesses and those injured to reconstruct the events that took place. Since identifying the victims was difficult due to the large number of bystanders, the police took digital pictures of the victims and showed them to the people to find their identities. There was no criminal motive behind the crash and the crash was not also pre-mediated murder. The report says that illegal street racing has been popular in the dark back roads of the areas since decades. Racers often modify their cars so that it runs much faster and the prize money can also be very tempting. However, the main motive for participation is the chance to brag about the win and gain a reputation among the local people (Vogel, 17 February 2010). According to RASR (22 May 2003), young people from different nations have been subjected a false portrayal in movies and computer games that illegal street racing is glamorous. Many of the games such as Need for Speed, Fast and Furious, Burnout, Grand Theft Auto and others portray such deviant behavior as racing on the streets, killing people, running over or beating policemen as an achievement. Added to this is the fact that car racing has a lot of glamour factor with speed and girls. As a result, youth would willingly take up such races if they have the chance. The motivation for the racer in many cases is to break the law and do something dangerous that people in their group appreciate. The fact that people get killed during a crash does not bother the racer and neither the fact that the racer himself may get killed. Organizations such as RASR – Racers Against Street Racing is made of professional racers who have started a campaign to make illegal street racers to stop such activities and race in legally organized track races. The important thing about legal track racing is that bystanders are safe and racers have to observe certain rules of behavior. The group is similar to many others who believe that making illegal racers to be aware of the danger is the best deterrent. Policing each and every rural road is simply not feasible. The argument about the quantum of punishment meted out to drivers of such races that crash and kill people needs some consideration. All these years, in USA, the quantum of punishment was not very strict and the killer driver would have his license impounded, the vehicle destroyed followed by a light jail sentence. However, with increasing number of illegal racing accidents, the law has become much stricter. Robert Caizalez of California and his competitor who killed 3 people in an illegal race in 2009 were sentenced to 48 years and 45 years to life. In Saudi Arabia, an illegal street racer who killed 2 people was not only sentenced to be lashed 3000 times but also 20 years jail. These laws seem very strict but they are required to act as a deterrent for illegal street racers who kill children as well as the elderly. So on the face of it; I would argue that such strict and harsh rules are important to keep the streets safe. However, the counter argument would be that the culture of creating a glamorous image of street racing through violent and deviant video games still continues unpunished. The firms that make such games are not penalized and neither is any study done on how such games influence people to take up illegal street racing. While killers should be punished, the government and the courts should empower the police force to stop the sale of such violent games. More than strict and severe sentencing, what is needed is counseling and creating an atmosphere where the racers themselves come to terms with their deeds is important. Over speeding happens every second on the road and deaths also occur but the drivers are not sentenced to 48 years to life in prison. A proper and balanced view must be taken by the honorable courts to create deterrence through strict sentencing and also through counseling.

Free Essays on Mass Media And Politics

media in politics Media The media play an important role in American politics. It is the job of the media to keep citizens informed and to help shape their opinion’s on issues of the day. Reporters, however, look at reporting in different ways. Reporters like Michael Lewis report on what interest them. In â€Å"Trail Fever†, he finds himself attached to Senator John McCain of Arizona as he follows him on his 1996 Presidential campaign. In â€Å"A Time of Change†, New York Times editor Harrison Salisbury looks back on two heavily publicized political events of the 1960’s, the Kennedy assassination and the1968 Democratic National Convention. Salisbury’s tenure as editor â€Å"qualifies him to critique† the coverage of great events. Paul Glastris, on the other hand, discusses why certain political events, like Al Gore’s National Performance Review (NPR), do not get much media attention. All three articles show how the media is affected by what transpires in A merican politics, and in some instances how it affects those who report on them. In â€Å"Trail Fever,† Michael Lewis follows the Presidential election of 1996. He was uninspired by the two favorites, Senator Bob Dole from Kansas and President Bill Clinton. Lewis along the way ran into Senator John McCain from Arizona who was seeking the Republican Presidential nomination. Lewis was impressed by McCain’s strait forwardness. Lewis find McCain to be an honest man among many people who are not always telling the truth. Lewis questioned himself, â€Å"I know well enough how to interview someone who shades the truth . . . But I don’t know how to interview an honest man who occupies high political office (512). Lewis not only questions himself on who to do his job, but McCain gets in him enough that Lewis actually questions his own political affiliation. â€Å"The loner I hang around McCain the harder it is to fight the feeling that just maybe I’m Republican† (514). Eventua... Free Essays on Mass Media And Politics Free Essays on Mass Media And Politics media in politics Media The media play an important role in American politics. It is the job of the media to keep citizens informed and to help shape their opinion’s on issues of the day. Reporters, however, look at reporting in different ways. Reporters like Michael Lewis report on what interest them. In â€Å"Trail Fever†, he finds himself attached to Senator John McCain of Arizona as he follows him on his 1996 Presidential campaign. In â€Å"A Time of Change†, New York Times editor Harrison Salisbury looks back on two heavily publicized political events of the 1960’s, the Kennedy assassination and the1968 Democratic National Convention. Salisbury’s tenure as editor â€Å"qualifies him to critique† the coverage of great events. Paul Glastris, on the other hand, discusses why certain political events, like Al Gore’s National Performance Review (NPR), do not get much media attention. All three articles show how the media is affected by what transpires in A merican politics, and in some instances how it affects those who report on them. In â€Å"Trail Fever,† Michael Lewis follows the Presidential election of 1996. He was uninspired by the two favorites, Senator Bob Dole from Kansas and President Bill Clinton. Lewis along the way ran into Senator John McCain from Arizona who was seeking the Republican Presidential nomination. Lewis was impressed by McCain’s strait forwardness. Lewis find McCain to be an honest man among many people who are not always telling the truth. Lewis questioned himself, â€Å"I know well enough how to interview someone who shades the truth . . . But I don’t know how to interview an honest man who occupies high political office (512). Lewis not only questions himself on who to do his job, but McCain gets in him enough that Lewis actually questions his own political affiliation. â€Å"The loner I hang around McCain the harder it is to fight the feeling that just maybe I’m Republican† (514). Eventua...

Types of College Homework Assignments That Take Most Time

Types of College Homework Assignments That Take Most Time Types of College Homework Assignments That Take Most Time If your academic obligations involve a lot of written work, you will appreciate that writing high quality, well-researched work on any subject takes an enormous amount of time. There are a number of key steps when you are writing something like an essay or an assignment, once you have a sound understanding of your subject, you need to complete a literature review, any additional research that may be required, you then need to draft your work, have it proofread, and complete a final review to ensure that you have appropriately addressed the subject and met the assessment requirements. One of the key factors that determine how long a specific essay or assignment is going to take you to be completed is the length that you have been asked to submit. While the complexity of the subject is also a key factor, whether you need to write two thousand words or fifty thousand words is a good indication of how best to prioritize and allocate time to the work that you need to get done. Your assignment or essay may take you anything from two hours to two weeks. In this article, we are going to take a look at some of the different types of written assessments that you may encounter at college or university and give you a guide as to how long you should expect of them to take you to complete while also allowing time for your study/life balance. 1. Essays and Assignments in Humanities Humanities is the study of history, politics, psychology, social science, and philosophy. The length of work required during your humanities studies will generally be determined by the stage of the course at which you are at. At the early stages of your degree, it is likely that the assessment requirements will be around 2,000 words per paper. On average, you should allocate a minimum of two hours to complete this length of work if it is a subject that you are familiar with, or longer if you will need to undertake research in order to address the assessment requirements. 2. Assessment Tasks in Science and Technology In the more technical aspects of a study, the focus is often more on calculations than on the written words. Written assessments in these fields tend to be around 500 words. As a general rule, you should dedicate, at least, one hour to these assessment tasks. 3. Major Thesis Requirements When it comes to your thesis or a major piece of written assessment, this is an undertaking that will generally take you months to complete. Most of the time is going to be spent doing the research and analysis required to underpin your assertion, but you should be drafting and writing your submission as you work through this process. It is important that you do not let yourself feel overwhelmed by the mountain of work ahead of you. Prioritize where it is most valuable to spend your time, map out how you are going to use your time to complete the assessment requirements, and you will be well on your way to scoring the grades you need to achieve your academic aspirations. At you can buy homework online on any topic, and in any discipline you need.

#5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#5 - Research Paper Example In the generic business level strategies, New York Times Company can be positioned as a leader in cost efficiency. The organization has a good and wide reputation in the industry. Therefore, it enjoys some internal efficiency that would see it have a margin that would maintain above average profits. Moreover, the internal efficiency would be instrumental in sustaining the cost to the clients since it would attract customers to purchase the product. The organization engages in standardizing the product in order to have generic goods that are satisfactory to a considerable number of clients and offer it at the lowest price. This generic strategy has been an essential tool for the company in the industry considering it is quality level. The New York Times Company offers its products at the industry’s average prices, and this has enabled it gain the share of the market. The New York Times company business problem originated from its failure to use online services earlier enough than its competitors. It is, consequently, sensible for the company to implement integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy. This strategy is new and hybrid and had gained more weight and popularity especially in today’s increased global competition (Janice, n.d). In essence, the organization can utilize this strategy to position itself and enhance its ability to adapt faster to the technological changes. In addition, this strategy would be a more efficient core competency in the product line. It would also be useful in producing products with differentiated characteristics that are treasured by the customers and providing the product at a lower cost in comparison to those of its rivals. The airline industry is one industry in which companies have to adapt in order to earn profits continually. In this industry, it is inevitable to charge high ticket prices so as to make profits. The Southwest Airlines confronted this challenge by marketing itself as a cost leader. The